Bond Between Mother And Her Child

Description:

A maternal bond is the relationship between a mother and her child. While typically associated with pregnancy and childbirth, a maternal bond may also develop in cases where the child is unrelated, such as an adoption
.

Both physical and emotional factors influence the mother-child bonding process. In separation anxiety disorder a child becomes fearful and nervous when away from a loved one, usually a parent or other caregiver. New mothers do not always experience instant love toward their child. Instead, the bond can strengthen over time. Bonds can take hours, days, weeks, or months to develop.

Pregnancy:

 

The maternal bond between a woman and her biological child usually begins to develop during pregnancy. The pregnant female adapts her lifestyle to suit the needs of the developing infant At around 18 to 25 weeks, the mother begins to feel the fetus moving. Similar to seeing her child for the first time in an ultrasound scan, this experience typically leads the mother to feel more attached to her child.

The developing fetus has some awareness of the mother's heartbeat and voice and has the ability to respond to touch or movement. By the seventh month of pregnancy, two-thirds of women report a strong maternal bond with their unborn child.

Some mothers who did not want the pregnancy may not have a close relationship with the child.[3] They are more likely to suffer from post-partum depression or other mental health problems and less likely to breast feed.

Childbirth:

Childbirth is an experience that can strengthen the mother and child bond. Factors such as a traumatic birth, the mother's childhood, medical stress, lack of support and the influence of a spouse or partner can weaken the bond.

Oxytocin:

Production of oxytocin during childbirth and lactation increases parasympathetic activity. Thus, anxiety is theoretically reduced. Maternal oxytocin circulation is said to predispose women to bond and show bonding behavior, although this has been disputed. 

Breastfeeding is also strongly believed to foster the bond, via touch, response and mutual gazing

. 

Maternal bond: 

           

• The bond between the mother and child is truly remarkable, while in the womb, babies begin learning  language from their mother

• Babies learn to recognize different words while still in the womb
                 

• After birth, they still remember some of these words, and distinguish between their mother tongue and other languages

• Fetuses also response to their mother’s touch by displaying more movements as a way of communication       

                              

• The bond extends beyond the communication, when the mother’s heart is injured stem cells from the fetus migrate to the injured site and repair the damage.

  

• Male babies have traces of their DNA in their mother’s brain which likelyprotects mother from Alzheimer’s disease  

                                                                                                                           

• Hormones and natural steroids are produces during pregnancy to help support growing baby which can temporarily help mother from some chronic conditions including skin condition called psoriasis

• Mother’s immune system also suppressed during pregnancy to protect the baby from rejection by mother’s immune system

• Suppressed immune system helps mothers suffering from autoimmune disease such as arthritis, multiple sclerosis and lupus

• Antibody travel from mother to her baby through placenta and breast feeding which boosts baby’s immune system before and after birth and protect the baby from deadly bacteria and viruses.

• Mothers develop strong sense of smell during pregnancy which acts as body’s  defense mechanism. It stops her from ingesting food that is harmful for baby or  herself

• After the baby is born breast milk is customized according to the sex of the baby

• Brains of the breast-feeding mom are more responsive to their crying babies than those mothers who don’t breast feed their babies. This is due to increase level of hormone oxytocin in mothers. Which strengthens the bond between mothers and their babies.

During pregnancy, some can develop gestational diabetes:

• Some pregnant women may develop high glucose levels, this may occur in form of diabetes known as gestational diabetes mellitus.

• Scientist don’t exactly know what causes gestational diabetes, but researches have some clues as to why it happens

• The placenta supports the baby as it grows and produces certain hormones, this hormones maintain pregnancy and help the baby to develop

• However this hormones also affect the function of insulin in mother’s body, Insulin is a hormone which tells the body to take up glucose from the blood.

• Over time, the amount of hormone increases in the mother’s blood which can cause insulin resistance. During pregnancy, all the mother’s naturally become slightly insulin resistant.

• This allows the baby to get glucose it needs from the mother’s blood, however when the insulin resistance goes up and stays high it becomes harder for the mother’s body to use insulin, without enough insulin, glucose levels remain high in blood resulting in hyperglycemia.

• Hyperglycemia can develop into gestational diabetes mellitus

• Most women no longer have diabetes after the baby is born

• However, some women suffer from high blood nsgar levels even after the delivery

• Around 7-9% of pregnant women develop gestational diabetes, this usually occurs around the 24-28th week of pregnancy

• Most women with gestational diabetes have healthy pregnancies and healthy babies

• Researches do not know why some women develop gestational diabetes while others don’t

• Been overweighted increases the risk of gestational diabetes

• Women with family history of diabetes are more likely to develop gestational diabetes,this suggest that genetics also play a role

• Women after 25yrs become pregnant are more likely to develop gestational diabetes

• If a women develop gestational diabetes during a previous pregnancy she is in risk of developing in future pregnancies

• Gestational diabetes is treated by eating healthy and remaining physically active, also doctor’s prescribe some medicines to keep in control

• Women with gestation diabetes are at higher risk of getting type 2 diabetes, there is no symptoms of gestational diabetes

• It is diagnosed by glucose tolerance test during pregnancy at 24-28 weeks.

Corona virus appears to attack placenta during pregnancy;

• Pregnant women who tested positive to corona has shown injury to placenta, In addition to abnormal blood flow between mother and baby                                 

                                                                                                      

• According to recent pathological examination completed directly following birth placentas from 16 women who tested positive for COVID-19 while pregnant showed evidence of injury.

• Most of these babies are delivered full-term after normal pregnancies

• Researches did not expect to find anything wrong with the placentas but SARS-COV-2 appear to be inducing some injury in the placenta                                                                                                                                     

• 15 patients delivered live infants in their third trimester, 1pateint had miscarriage in the second trimester

• Researchers say that the patients are asymptomatic so they don’t know whether the virus caused the miscarriage

• 14 of the live-born infants in the study were born full-term and with normal weights and Apgar scores

• Apgar score is a method to quickly summarize health of new born babies

• 1 live born infant was premature. Researches found that placentas in these patients had 2 common abnormalities first blood from mother and fetus was insufficient, second abnormal blood vessels was detected

• This condition was called as maternal vascular malperfusion (MVM)                   

• They also found blood clots called intervillous thrombi

• This was the largest study to examine placenta who tested positive for COVID-19 while pregnant

• Researches concluded that these might be new COVID-19 complication.

• This findings could change the way pregnant women are clinically monitored during the pandemic

• Previous researches has founded that children who were in utero during the 1918-19 flu pandemic have  higher rates of  CVD                             

• The placenta is the first organ to form in fetal development, It acts as fetus lungs, gut, kidneys and liver

• The placenta takes oxygen nutrients from the mother’s blood stream and exchanges waste

• It is also responsible for many hormonal changes in mother’s body   

Reference:

• Winkler, Jiří (2000). "Utváření mateřského pouta v těhotenství" [Development of the maternal bond during pregnancy]. Časopis Lékařů Českých (in Czech). 139 (1): 5–8. PMID 10750284.

• ^ Winkler J (2000). "[Development of the maternal bond during pregnancy]". Cas. Lek. Cesk. (in Czech). 139 (1): 5–8. PMID 10750284.

• ^ Jump up to:a b "Family Planning – Healthy People 2020". Retrieved 2011-08-18. Which cites:

• Logan C, Holcombe E, Manlove J, et al. (May 2007). "The consequences of unintended childbearing: A white paper" (PDF). Washington: Child Trends, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 2, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2009.

• Cheng D, Schwarz E, Douglas E, et al. (March 2009). "Unintended pregnancy and associated maternal preconception, prenatal and postpartum behaviors". Contraception. 79 (3): 194–8. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.09.009. PMID 19185672.

• Kost K, Landry D, Darroch J (Mar–Apr 1998). "Predicting maternal behaviors during pregnancy: Does intention status matter?". Fam Plann Perspectives. 30 (2): 79–88. doi:10.2307/2991664. PMID 9561873.

• D’Angelo, D, Colley Gilbert B, Rochat R; et al. (Sep–Oct 2004). "Differences between mistimed and unwanted pregnancies among women who have live births". Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 36 (5): 192–7. doi:10.1111/j.1931-2393.2004.tb00022.x.

• ^ Spinner, Miriam R. (November 1978). "Maternal-Infant Bonding". Can Fam Physician. 24: 1151–3. PMC 2379718. PMID 21301556.

• ^ Chiras DD (2012). Human Biology (7th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-7637-8345-7.

• ^ Human Evolutionary Biology. Cambridge University Press. 2010. p. 282. ISBN 978-1-139-78900-4.^ Fillod, Odile (2014), "Oxytocin as proximal cause of 'maternal instinct': weak science, post-feminism, and the hormones of mystique", in Schmitz, Sigrid; Höppner, Grit (eds.), Gendered neurocultures: feminist and queer perspectives on current brain discourses, challenge GENDER, 2, Wien: Zaglossus, ISBN 9783902902122.

• ^ Else-Quest, NM; Hyde JS; Clark, R (2003-10-01). "Breastfeeding, bonding, and the mother-infant relationship". Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. Retrieved 2008-03-13.

• ^ Shalvia, S.; De Dreu, C. K. W. (Apr 2014). "Oxytocin promotes group-serving dishonesty".

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (15): 5503–5507. doi:10.1073/pnas.1400724111. PMC 3992689. PMID 24706799. Lay summary – BBC News (2 April 2014).

• Yerkes and Dodson, 1908, in Diamond, D.M., Campbell, A.M., Park, C.R., Halonen, J., & Zoladz, P.R. (2007). The temporal dynamics model of emotional memory processing: A synthesis on the Neurobiological basis of stress-induced amnesia, flashbulb and traumatic memories, and the Yerkes-Dodson law. Neural Plasticity, article ID 60803, 33pgs. doi:10.1155/2007/60803

liyaqath ali

Malla Reddy Pharmacy College